DC to Dublin Flight Time: 8+ Hrs


DC to Dublin Flight Time: 8+ Hrs

The length of a journey by air between Washington, D.C. (sometimes referring to Dulles Worldwide Airport (IAD) or Ronald Reagan Washington Nationwide Airport (DCA)), and Dublin, Eire (sometimes Dublin Airport (DUB)), is a vital issue for vacationers. This length is influenced by varied components, together with plane sort, chosen airline, particular route, wind situations, and air site visitors management.

Understanding the everyday size of this transatlantic journey permits for efficient planning of connecting flights, floor transportation, and general itinerary. Historic information on these routes can present insights into differences due to the season and potential delays. Correct estimations are very important for each enterprise vacationers working inside tight schedules and leisure vacationers keen to maximise their trip time. This info empowers vacationers to make knowledgeable selections, minimizing journey stress and optimizing time spent at their vacation spot.

This text will discover the components impacting transatlantic journey occasions, delve into common durations primarily based on historic information, and supply sources for acquiring real-time info. It’ll additionally handle methods for managing potential delays and optimizing connections to attenuate general journey time.

1. Direct vs. Connecting Flights

The selection between a direct and a connecting flight considerably impacts the general journey time between Washington, D.C., and Dublin. Direct flights, because the identify suggests, supply a continuous journey, sometimes ensuing within the shortest journey time, often round seven to eight hours. This streamlined strategy eliminates the time spent disembarking, transferring via airports, ready at gates, and boarding a second plane. For vacationers prioritizing pace and comfort, notably enterprise vacationers, direct flights characterize the optimum selection.

Connecting flights, conversely, contain a number of intermediate stops at different airports earlier than reaching the ultimate vacation spot. Whereas doubtlessly providing decrease fares, connecting flights invariably prolong the entire journey time. The added time stems from layovers, which may vary from a number of hours to a complete day, relying on the particular itinerary. Components corresponding to airport measurement, switch procedures, and potential delays at connecting airports can additional compound the general length. A connection in a busy European hub, for example, may add a number of hours in comparison with a direct flight. For instance, a flight routing via London Heathrow might expertise prolonged layovers attributable to airport congestion. Conversely, a connection via a smaller airport is likely to be faster however supply fewer facilities.

The choice due to this fact entails weighing the advantages of a shorter journey time towards potential value financial savings. Vacationers ought to fastidiously think about their priorities, schedule constraints, and tolerance for potential disruptions when deciding on between a direct and a connecting flight. Analyzing historic flight information and contemplating typical layover durations at connecting airports can help in making an knowledgeable determination that aligns with particular person journey wants.

2. Airline Alternative

Deciding on an airline for journey between Washington, D.C., and Dublin considerably influences the general flight expertise, together with the entire journey time. Completely different airways make use of various methods concerning routes, plane varieties, and schedules, all of which contribute to the length of the journey. Understanding these nuances permits vacationers to make knowledgeable selections aligned with their priorities.

  • Direct vs. Connecting Routes

    Airways supply completely different route choices, impacting general journey time. Some airways present direct flights between Washington, D.C., and Dublin, minimizing journey length. Others might supply solely connecting flights, usually involving a layover in a European hub like London or Amsterdam. Whereas doubtlessly inexpensive, these connections add to the entire journey time attributable to layover durations and switch procedures. As an illustration, Aer Lingus often presents direct flights, whereas different airways may route via a connecting airport.

  • Plane Sort and Velocity

    The kind of plane deployed on a selected route immediately correlates with flight length. Fashionable, fuel-efficient plane just like the Boeing 787 Dreamliner or Airbus A350 usually journey at larger speeds than older fashions, doubtlessly lowering flight occasions. Completely different airways function various fleets, and deciding on an airline using newer, sooner plane on this route can shave off worthwhile journey time. Checking the particular plane scheduled for a flight offers worthwhile insights into potential journey size.

  • Scheduled Departure and Arrival Occasions

    Airways function on various schedules, providing departures all through the day. Selecting a flight with a departure time that aligns with particular person preferences and minimizes connection occasions can optimize general journey length. For instance, a morning departure from Washington, D.C., may facilitate a same-day arrival in Dublin, whereas a night departure may necessitate an in a single day layover, extending the entire journey interval. Rigorously evaluating departure and arrival occasions is crucial for environment friendly journey planning.

  • Airline Effectivity and On-Time Efficiency

    Airways have differing monitor information concerning on-time efficiency. Constant delays can considerably prolong journey time past the scheduled length. Researching an airline’s historic on-time efficiency information, particularly for the particular route between Washington, D.C., and Dublin, can present worthwhile insights into potential delays. Deciding on an airline identified for punctuality minimizes the chance of prolonged journey occasions attributable to operational inefficiencies.

Finally, the chosen airline performs a crucial position in figuring out the general time spent touring between Washington, D.C., and Dublin. Rigorously evaluating these sides of airline selection empowers vacationers to pick out the choice finest suited to their particular person wants and priorities concerning journey length and effectivity. Evaluating completely different airways primarily based on these components allows knowledgeable selections that optimize journey time and reduce potential disruptions.

3. Plane Sort

The plane sort deployed on a route between Washington, D.C., and Dublin immediately influences the flight length. Completely different plane possess various efficiency traits, together with cruising pace, gas effectivity, and vary, all of which contribute to the general time spent within the air. Understanding the connection between plane sort and flight time empowers vacationers to make knowledgeable selections and doubtlessly choose itineraries providing shorter journey durations.

  • Cruising Velocity

    A main issue influencing flight time is the plane’s cruising pace. Fashionable plane, such because the Boeing 787 Dreamliner or Airbus A350, sometimes cruise at larger speeds in comparison with older fashions just like the Boeing 767 or Airbus A330. This distinction in pace can translate to a noticeable variation in flight time, doubtlessly lowering the general journey length by a major margin. For instance, a more moderen plane may full the transatlantic crossing in seven hours, whereas an older mannequin may take nearer to eight hours.

  • Gas Effectivity and Vary

    Gas effectivity not directly impacts flight time. Extra fuel-efficient plane can fly longer distances without having to refuel, doubtlessly permitting for extra direct routes. This eliminates the time added by a refueling cease. Whereas much less noticeable than the direct influence of cruising pace, gas effectivity contributes to route optimization, which may not directly shorten the general journey time. As an illustration, an ultra-long-haul plane may take a extra direct route over the Atlantic, saving time in comparison with a much less environment friendly plane needing a refueling cease.

  • Plane Dimension and Passenger Capability

    Whereas in a roundabout way impacting cruising pace, plane measurement can affect boarding and disembarking occasions. Bigger plane with larger passenger capacities can result in barely longer boarding and deplaning processes. Though marginal in comparison with the influence of cruising pace, these further minutes can accumulate, particularly for connecting flights. Selecting a smaller plane, if accessible, may supply a slight time benefit throughout these floor procedures.

  • Airline Operational Procedures

    Completely different airways have various operational procedures associated to floor dealing with, taxiing, and different pre- and post-flight processes. Whereas these components might sound minor, they’ll accumulate and marginally have an effect on the general journey time. Selecting an airline identified for environment friendly floor operations may supply a slight time benefit in comparison with these with much less streamlined procedures.

Due to this fact, the kind of plane chosen for a flight between Washington, D.C., and Dublin performs a major position within the general journey time. Contemplating the plane’s cruising pace, gas effectivity, and the potential influence of its measurement on floor operations permits vacationers to make extra knowledgeable selections, doubtlessly resulting in a shorter and extra environment friendly journey. Researching the particular plane sort scheduled for a flight and evaluating completely different airways plane selections for this route can help vacationers in optimizing their journey length.

4. Time of Yr

Seasonal differences considerably affect transatlantic flight occasions between Washington, D.C., and Dublin. The prevailing wind patterns throughout the North Atlantic shift all year long, immediately impacting each eastbound and westbound flight durations. In the course of the winter months, the jet stream sometimes strengthens and flows from west to east, creating robust tailwinds for flights touring from North America to Europe. This can lead to shorter flight occasions to Dublin, typically lowering the journey by as a lot as an hour in comparison with common durations. Conversely, westbound flights returning to Washington, D.C., throughout winter usually encounter robust headwinds, extending flight occasions and doubtlessly including a major period of time to the journey.

In summer time, the jet stream typically weakens and shifts northward, resulting in much less pronounced tailwinds for eastbound flights and weaker headwinds for westbound flights. Consequently, flight occasions between Washington, D.C., and Dublin throughout summer time are usually extra constant and nearer to common durations in comparison with the broader variations skilled throughout winter. Moreover, elevated air site visitors throughout peak summer time journey season can contribute to minor delays, each within the air and on the bottom at airports, marginally affecting general journey occasions. Climate programs, whereas much less predictable, additionally play a task. Summer season thunderstorms within the Washington, D.C., space or fog in Dublin can result in departure or arrival delays, impacting general journey length.

Understanding these differences due to the season is essential for correct journey planning. Consulting historic flight information for the particular time of 12 months can present worthwhile insights into typical durations and potential variations. This consciousness permits vacationers to account for potential delays or shorter flight occasions when reserving connecting flights, arranging floor transportation, and scheduling actions at their vacation spot. Correct time estimations primarily based on seasonal influences reduce journey disruptions and optimize time administration all through the journey. Incorporating this information into journey plans allows smoother transitions, reduces stress related to surprising delays, and in the end contributes to a extra environment friendly and satisfying journey expertise.

5. Climate Situations

Climate situations play a crucial position in figuring out flight occasions between Washington, D.C., and Dublin. Atmospheric situations on either side of the Atlantic, alongside the flight path, and at connecting airports can considerably influence departure schedules, air site visitors management selections, and in the end, the general length of the journey. Understanding the affect of assorted climate phenomena is crucial for anticipating potential journey disruptions and managing expectations concerning flight occasions.

  • Fog and Visibility

    Fog, notably at Dublin Airport, can considerably scale back visibility, resulting in flight delays and diversions. When visibility falls beneath protected working limits, plane could also be held on the bottom on the departure airport (Washington, D.C.) or diverted to alternate airports if already en route. This could add a number of hours to the entire journey time, relying on the severity and length of the fog. Even average fog can decelerate floor operations at airports, rising taxi occasions and additional delaying departures and arrivals. Low visibility attributable to fog could be particularly problematic in the course of the autumn and winter months in Dublin.

  • Wind Situations

    Wind pace and route alongside the flight path considerably influence flight occasions. Sturdy headwinds, notably throughout winter months when the jet stream is highly effective, can improve journey time for westbound flights getting back from Dublin to Washington, D.C. Conversely, robust tailwinds can scale back eastbound flight occasions. Crosswinds, particularly throughout touchdown and takeoff, may influence flight schedules. Whereas pilots are educated to deal with crosswinds, exceptionally robust crosswinds may necessitate delaying departures or diverting flights to alternate airports.

  • Storms and Precipitation

    Extreme climate programs, together with thunderstorms, snowstorms, and hurricanes, may cause important flight disruptions. Thunderstorms within the Washington, D.C., space or alongside the flight path can result in floor holds, flight cancellations, and diversions. Heavy snowfall can equally influence airport operations, creating delays attributable to de-icing procedures and runway closures. Hurricanes, whereas much less frequent, may cause widespread disruptions, resulting in cancellations and in depth delays for flights scheduled throughout or instantly after a hurricane.

  • Air Temperature and Density Altitude

    Excessive temperatures, particularly throughout summer time, can have an effect on plane efficiency. Sizzling air is much less dense, lowering engine effectivity and doubtlessly requiring longer takeoff distances. This could, in some circumstances, result in weight restrictions on plane, affecting passenger load or cargo capability, which could not directly influence flight schedules. Whereas much less dramatic than the influence of storms or fog, temperature variations can subtly affect flight operations and doubtlessly result in minor delays.

Due to this fact, understanding the affect of climate situations on flight operations is essential for managing expectations concerning journey time between Washington, D.C., and Dublin. Checking climate forecasts for each departure and arrival airports, in addition to contemplating seasonal climate patterns, permits vacationers to anticipate potential delays and make knowledgeable selections about their itinerary. Using real-time flight monitoring instruments and staying up to date on airline notifications can additional help in managing journey disruptions associated to climate occasions. Recognizing the potential influence of climate situations minimizes journey stress and allows proactive adaptation to altering circumstances.

6. Air Site visitors Management

Air site visitors management (ATC) performs a vital position in figuring out flight occasions between Washington, D.C., and Dublin. ATC manages the circulate of plane in managed airspace, making certain protected separation and environment friendly routing. Choices made by air site visitors controllers immediately influence flight durations, notably regarding departure sequencing, en route navigation, and arrival procedures. Delays arising from ATC directions, whereas usually unavoidable for security causes, can considerably prolong the general journey time.

A number of components associated to ATC can affect flight time on this transatlantic route. Throughout peak hours at main airports like Dulles (IAD) or Dublin (DUB), plane could also be held on the bottom awaiting departure clearance attributable to site visitors congestion. This could add to the general journey length. Equally, en route, plane is likely to be instructed to change their flight path or altitude to keep up protected separation from different plane, doubtlessly impacting flight time. Climate situations additionally work together with ATC selections. During times of low visibility or extreme climate, ATC might implement circulate management measures, slowing or delaying plane departures to handle site visitors quantity and guarantee protected operations. For instance, throughout heavy fog in Dublin, incoming flights is likely to be held in holding patterns, rising flight time. Equally, during times of excessive site visitors quantity within the North Atlantic, plane is likely to be assigned much less optimum routes to keep up separation, not directly impacting flight length.

Understanding the affect of air site visitors management on flight occasions permits for a extra practical evaluation of journey length. Whereas airways publish scheduled flight occasions, these estimations don’t account for potential ATC-related delays. Incorporating the potential for such delays into journey plans, notably when connecting to different flights, reduces the chance of missed connections and minimizes journey disruptions. Actual-time flight monitoring purposes and airline notifications can present updates on ATC-related delays, enabling vacationers to proactively adapt to altering circumstances and handle their time successfully. Recognizing the integral position of ATC in flight operations fosters a extra knowledgeable and adaptable strategy to transatlantic journey.

7. Departure Airport (DCA/IAD)

The selection between Washington Dulles Worldwide Airport (IAD) and Ronald Reagan Washington Nationwide Airport (DCA) because the departure level for flights to Dublin impacts general journey time. Whereas seemingly a minor element, the chosen airport influences components corresponding to flight paths, accessible airways, and potential floor transportation time to the airport, all contributing to the entire length of the journey.

  • Geographical Location and Flight Paths

    Dulles (IAD), situated farther from downtown Washington, D.C., usually presents extra direct transatlantic flight paths to Dublin. This could translate to barely shorter flight occasions in comparison with departures from Reagan (DCA), which could contain much less direct routing. The distinction in flight paths stems from airspace restrictions and air site visitors management patterns across the two airports. Flights departing from DCA usually require extra advanced maneuvering inside managed airspace, doubtlessly including a small period of time to the airborne portion of the journey.

  • Airline and Flight Availability

    The number of departure airport influences the accessible airways and flight choices. Dulles (IAD), as a bigger worldwide hub, sometimes serves a broader vary of airways providing transatlantic flights, together with direct routes to Dublin. Reagan (DCA), whereas nearer to town heart, may supply fewer direct flights to Dublin, doubtlessly necessitating connecting flights which prolong general journey time. The supply of direct flights versus connecting flights usually hinges on the chosen departure airport, impacting each the flight time and the complexity of the journey.

  • Floor Transportation Time

    The time required to succeed in the chosen airport from one’s origin inside the Washington, D.C., metropolitan space is a vital issue. Whereas Reagan (DCA) advantages from its proximity to town heart, doubtlessly shortening floor journey time, site visitors congestion, particularly throughout peak hours, can negate this benefit. Dulles (IAD), regardless of being additional out, may supply extra predictable journey occasions utilizing devoted expressways and public transport choices. Contemplating the bottom transportation time to every airport as a part of the general journey equation ensures a extra practical estimation of whole journey length.

  • Connecting Flight Choices

    For itineraries involving connecting flights, the departure airport selection influences the potential connecting airports and layover durations. Departing from Dulles (IAD) may supply extra handy connections via main European hubs, facilitating smoother transfers and minimizing layover occasions. Reagan (DCA), with fewer direct transatlantic choices, may contain connections at smaller airports or require longer layovers, rising the general journey time. Evaluating connecting flight choices related to every departure airport is essential for optimizing the general journey length.

Due to this fact, the selection between Dulles (IAD) and Reagan (DCA) because the departure airport for a flight to Dublin represents a major issue influencing general journey time. Contemplating the geographical location, flight path variations, accessible airways and routes, and the bottom transportation time related to every airport allows vacationers to make knowledgeable selections that align with their journey priorities and optimize the entire journey length. A complete evaluation of those components empowers vacationers to pick out probably the most environment friendly departure level and reduce potential journey time, in the end contributing to a smoother and extra time-effective journey to Dublin.

8. Route Variations

Route variations considerably affect flight occasions between Washington, D.C., and Dublin. The chosen flight path, decided by components corresponding to wind situations, air site visitors congestion, and airline operational preferences, immediately impacts the space traveled and consequently, the general length of the flight. A extra northerly route, for instance, is likely to be shorter by way of distance however encounter stronger headwinds, doubtlessly negating the space benefit and leading to an extended flight time. Conversely, a extra southerly route, whereas doubtlessly masking a better distance, may profit from favorable tailwinds, in the end lowering the general flight length.

Airways repeatedly analyze meteorological information and air site visitors patterns to optimize flight routes for effectivity and reduce gas consumption. Actual-time changes to flight paths are frequent, notably on transatlantic routes like Washington, D.C., to Dublin, the place prevailing winds and jet stream fluctuations considerably influence flight occasions. As an illustration, during times of robust westerly jet stream exercise, flights may take a extra northerly path to make the most of the tailwinds, even when the space is barely longer. In distinction, during times of weaker jet stream exercise, a extra direct, albeit barely longer, southerly route is likely to be most popular. Moreover, air site visitors congestion in sure areas can necessitate route deviations, doubtlessly including to the flight time. Avoiding congested airspace, particularly over busy European hubs, usually requires plane to take barely longer routes, impacting general journey length.

Understanding the dynamic nature of route planning and its influence on flight occasions allows vacationers to understand the complexities of transatlantic air journey. Whereas scheduled flight occasions present an estimate, precise flight durations can fluctuate attributable to route changes made in response to real-time situations. Consulting flight monitoring web sites or apps can present insights into the chosen flight path and any deviations from the deliberate route, providing a extra correct understanding of potential arrival occasions. This consciousness facilitates higher administration of connecting flights, floor transportation preparations, and general journey logistics. Recognizing the affect of route variations contributes to extra practical expectations concerning transatlantic flight occasions and allows vacationers to adapt to potential variations in journey length.

Steadily Requested Questions

This part addresses frequent inquiries concerning flight durations between Washington, D.C., and Dublin, providing concise and informative responses to facilitate knowledgeable journey planning.

Query 1: What’s the common direct flight time between Washington, D.C., and Dublin?

Direct flights sometimes vary from seven to eight hours, relying on the particular route, plane sort, and prevailing wind situations.

Query 2: How do connecting flights influence general journey time?

Connecting flights add considerably to the entire journey time attributable to layovers, which may vary from a number of hours to a complete day. The length is dependent upon the chosen connecting airport and the particular itinerary.

Query 3: Do differences due to the season have an effect on flight occasions?

Sure, seasonal wind patterns, notably the jet stream, affect flight occasions. Eastbound flights to Dublin are typically sooner in winter attributable to robust tailwinds, whereas westbound flights are sometimes longer.

Query 4: How does climate have an effect on flight length?

Climate situations, together with fog, storms, and wind, may cause important delays and diversions, impacting each departure and arrival occasions. Checking climate forecasts is essential for anticipating potential disruptions.

Query 5: What position does air site visitors management play in figuring out flight time?

Air site visitors management manages the circulate of plane, doubtlessly inflicting delays attributable to congestion, climate situations, or different components influencing airspace administration. These delays, whereas important for security, can influence general journey time.

Query 6: Does the selection of departure airport (IAD vs. DCA) matter?

Sure, the departure airport influences accessible airways, flight routes, and floor transportation occasions, all of which contribute to the entire journey length. Dulles (IAD) usually presents extra direct transatlantic routes, whereas Reagan (DCA) advantages from nearer proximity to town heart.

Cautious consideration of those components facilitates practical expectations concerning journey time and allows knowledgeable decision-making for a smoother journey.

For additional info and particular flight particulars, seek the advice of airline web sites and real-time flight monitoring providers. The subsequent part will present sources and instruments for acquiring up-to-the-minute flight info.

Ideas for Managing Flight Time Between Washington, D.C., and Dublin

Optimizing journey time between Washington, D.C., and Dublin requires cautious planning and consideration of a number of components. The next suggestions supply sensible steering for minimizing journey length and managing potential disruptions.

Tip 1: Guide Direct Flights When Attainable: Direct flights remove the time spent on layovers and transfers, providing the shortest journey time. Whereas doubtlessly costlier, the time saved could be important, particularly for time-sensitive vacationers.

Tip 2: Think about Airline Schedules and Plane: Completely different airways make the most of varied plane varieties and comply with completely different routes. Researching airline schedules and plane varieties permits for number of sooner, extra fashionable plane that reduce flight length. Prioritizing airways identified for on-time efficiency may scale back the chance of delays.

Tip 3: Account for Seasonal Variations: Transatlantic flight occasions fluctuate relying on the time of 12 months attributable to prevailing wind patterns. Westbound flights to Washington, D.C., are typically longer throughout winter attributable to headwinds. Factoring in these differences due to the season permits for practical scheduling and minimizes potential disruptions.

Tip 4: Monitor Climate Forecasts: Climate situations can considerably influence flight schedules. Checking climate forecasts for each departure and arrival airports helps anticipate potential delays attributable to fog, storms, or different hostile climate. Staying knowledgeable about climate situations permits for proactive changes to journey plans.

Tip 5: Make the most of Actual-Time Flight Monitoring: Flight monitoring web sites and apps present up-to-the-minute details about flight standing, together with potential delays and route adjustments. Monitoring flight standing allows proactive administration of connecting flights, floor transportation, and different journey preparations.

Tip 6: Think about Floor Transportation Time: Think about journey time to and from airports. Whereas Reagan Nationwide Airport (DCA) is nearer to town heart, site visitors congestion can considerably prolong floor journey time. Evaluating transportation choices and potential delays related to every airport (DCA vs. IAD) ensures correct planning and minimizes general journey length.

Tip 7: Be Ready for Potential Delays: Regardless of cautious planning, unexpected delays can happen. Packing important gadgets in carry-on baggage, notifying related events of potential delays, and having backup plans for floor transportation minimizes disruptions and stress related to surprising adjustments in flight schedules.

Tip 8: Guide Flights Throughout Off-Peak Hours: If schedule flexibility permits, think about reserving flights throughout off-peak hours. Airports and airspace are typically much less congested throughout these durations, lowering the probability of delays associated to air site visitors management or floor operations. Touring throughout much less busy occasions can contribute to a smoother and doubtlessly sooner journey.

By implementing these methods, vacationers can successfully handle the varied components influencing flight time between Washington, D.C., and Dublin, minimizing journey length and maximizing time spent at their vacation spot. These proactive measures contribute to a smoother, extra environment friendly, and fewer disturbing journey expertise.

The next conclusion synthesizes key takeaways and presents ultimate suggestions for optimizing transatlantic journey between Washington, D.C., and Dublin.

Conclusion

The length of flights between Washington, D.C., and Dublin represents a multifaceted matter influenced by a fancy interaction of things. Airline choice, plane sort, departure airport, route variations, seasonal climate patterns, and air site visitors management all contribute to the general journey time. Direct flights typically supply the quickest choice, whereas connecting itineraries introduce the added complexity and time related to layovers. Understanding these components empowers vacationers to make knowledgeable selections aligned with particular person priorities and constraints. Seasonal issues, notably the influence of the jet stream on eastbound versus westbound flights, necessitate cautious planning, particularly throughout winter months. Climate disruptions, starting from fog to extreme storms, introduce a component of unpredictability, highlighting the significance of real-time flight monitoring and versatile journey preparations. The selection between Dulles Worldwide Airport (IAD) and Ronald Reagan Washington Nationwide Airport (DCA) additional complicates the equation, requiring cautious analysis of floor transportation time, flight availability, and potential connecting flight choices.

Minimizing general journey time requires a proactive and knowledgeable strategy. Strategic planning, contemplating all contributing components, permits vacationers to optimize itineraries and mitigate potential disruptions. Using accessible sources, corresponding to real-time flight monitoring purposes and airline notifications, enhances situational consciousness and allows adaptive responses to unexpected circumstances. Finally, a complete understanding of the complexities surrounding flight length between Washington, D.C., and Dublin empowers vacationers to navigate the intricacies of transatlantic journey effectively, maximizing time spent on the vacation spot and minimizing the inherent stresses related to long-haul journeys.